- 1. Saccharide
- Definitions, structures, and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides with some examples.
- 2. Lipid
- Definitions, structures, and functions of neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, etc.
- 3. Protein
- Definition, structure, and function of protein.
- 4. Nucleic acid
- Definitions, structures, functions, and examples of monomer, dimer, and polymer of nucleic acids.
- 5. Energy
- Definition and type of energy. Enthalpy, entrophy, and Gibbs free energy.
- 6. Metabolism
- Definition and classification of metabolism.
- 7. Enzyme
- Definition, structure, and function of enzyme. Enzyme inhibition.
- 8. Cell
- Definition, components, and homeostasis.
- 9. Pro- and eukaryotes
- Definition. Comparison of them.
- 10. Biological membrane
- Definition, function, and structure of it.
- 11. Membrane transport
- Definition, type of them. Mechanism of each type.
- 12. Nucleus
- Definition, function, and structure
- 13. Endoplasmic reticulum
- Definition, function, and structure.
- 14. Golgi complex
- Definition, function, and structure.
- 15. Lysosome
- Definition, function, and structure. primary and secondary lysosome
- 16. Peroxisome
- Definition and function
- 17. Mitochondria
- Definition, function, and structure
- 18. Chloroplast
- Structure and function
- 19. Endosymbiotic theory
- Definition, mechanism
- 20. Cytoskeleton
- Definition and type. Function of each type of cytoskeleton.
- 21. Extracellular matrix
- Definition, component, and function.
- 22. Aerobic respiration
- Definition. Substrates and products in each step.
- 23. Glycolysis
- Definition, location, and mechanism.
- 24. Formation of Acetyl CoA
- Definition, location, and chemical equation.
- 25. Citric acid cycle
- Definition and location. substrates and products during one cycle.
- 26. Electron transport chain
- Definition, components, and function.
- 27. Chemiosmosis
- Definition, mechiansm, and function.
- 28. Catabolism of proteins and lipids
- How they are converted into energy.
- 29. Anaerobic respiration
- Definition and function. Comparison with aerobic respiration. Examples.
- 30. Fermentation
- Definition and function. Comparison with anaerobic respiration.
- 31. Definition of genome
- What are genome, gene?
- 32. Structure of genome
- Structure of DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, and chromosome.
- 33. Functions of genome
- How genome can determine the features of our body.
- 34. Transcription
- Definition, function, and mechanism.
- 35. Post-transcriptional modification
- Definition and function.
- 36. Translation
- Definition, function, and mechanism.
- 37. Post-translational modification
- Definition, function, and mechanism.
- 38. Gene regulation
- Definition and significance. Types of regulations.
- 39. Cell cycle
- Definition and phases. Events in each phase.
- 40. S phase
- What happens during the S phase in the cell cycle?
- 41. M phase
- What happens during the M phase in the cell cycle?
- 42. Regulation of cell cycle
- Mechanism and significance.
- 43. Heredity
- Definition. How genetic information is transmitted from the parents to the child. Why every individual has different appearance?
- 44. Mendelian Law of inheritance
- Definitions and reason behind them.
- 45. Genetic cross
- Definition and type.
- 46. Non-Mendelian Law of inheritance
- Definition and mechanism of each type.
- 47. Mutation
- Definition and type. When does it happen? Effects and significances on the organism.
- 48. Genetic disease
- Causes and types. Examples of each type of genetic disease.
- 49. Bacteria
- Definition, structure. Way of reproduction and exchange of DNA. Significances on human beings.
- 50. Virus
- Definition, structure, and way of reproduction. Significance on human beings.
- 51. Other types of infectious agent
- Prion, viroid, etc.
- 52. Tissue
- Definition of "tissue". General description of each type of tissue.
- 53. Epithelial tissue
- Definition, type, structure, and function.
- 54. Connective tissue
- Definition, type, structure, and function.
- 55. Nervous tissue
- Definition. Types of cells involved in nervous tissue.
- 56. Nervous sytem
- Definition, function, and structure.
- 57. Central nervous system
- Structure and function of each part of the brain and spinal cord.
- 58. Peripheral nervous system
- Divisions of peripheral nervous system. Structure and function of each division.
- 59. Cell signaling and hormone
- Types of cell signaling and mechanism of each.
- 60. Endocrine system
- Definition and function. Endocrine glands in our body.
- 61. Hypothalamus
- Structure and function. Actions of hormones secreted from it.
- 62. Posterior pituitary gland
- Structure and function. Actions of hormones released from it.
- 63. Anterior pituitary gland
- Structure and function. Actions of hormones secreted from it.
- 64. Thyroid gland
- Structure and function. Actions of hormones secreted from it.
- 65. Parathyroid gland
- Structure and function. Actions of hormones secreted from it.
- 66. Pancreas
- Structure and function as a endocrine gland. Actions of hormones secreted from it.
- 67. Adrenal gland
- Structure and function. Actions of hormones secreted from it.
- 68. Ovary and tetis
- Structure and function as endocrine organs. Actions of hormones secreted from them.
- 69. Hormones related to GI tract
- Hormones, glands, target organs, and actions of them.
- 70. Endocrine malfunction
- Some examples and mechanism of them
- 71. Reproduction
- Processes leading to the birth of newborn.
- 72. Male reproductive system
- Structure and function.
- 73. Spermatogenesis
- Definition, function, and mechanism.
- 74. Hormonal regulation in male
- How males regulate the reproductive system by hormones.
- 75. Female reproductive system
- Structure and function.
- 76. Oogenesis
- Definition, function, and mechanism.
- 77. Hormonal regulation in female
- Hormonal regulation of menstruation and childbirth
- 78. Muscle tissue
- Definition and types.
- 79. Structure of striated muscle
- How the components are organized inside the muscle.
- 80. Contraction of skeletal muscle
- How a contraction starts. Molecular mechanism of contraction.
- 81. Cardiac muscle
- Unique features of cardiac muscle.
- 82. Smooth muscle
- Unique features of smooth muscle.
- 83. Respiratory system
- Structure and function.
- 84. Mechanism of breathing
- How we inhale and exhale.
- 85. Transport of gases
- How the blood transport and exchange gases in our body.
- 86. Cardiovasular system
- Definition, function, and structure.
- 87. Blood vessels
- Types of them. Function and structure of each type of blood vessel.
- 88. Heart
- Structure and function.
- 89. Blood pressure
- Definition and significance in our body. Factors influencing it.
- 90. Blood
- Function and composition. Types of cells. Function of each type of cells.
- 91. Blood clotting
- Definition, function, and mechanism.
- 92. Lymphatic system
- Definition, function, and structure.
- 93. Immune system
- definition, function, and structure.
- 94. Innate immune system
- Mechanical, cellular, and molecular components of innate immune system. Mechanism of recognition of pathogens and action against them.
- 95. Adaptive immune system
- Cellular and humoral components of adaptive immune system. Recognition of pathogens and actions against them.
- 96. Immune memory
- Significance of immune memory on our immunity. Primary and secondary immune response.
- 97. Immunization
- Definition of immunization. Definitions of passive and active immunization. Examples of passive and active immunization both with natural and artifitial sources.
- 98. Allergy
- Major processes causing allergic reaction.
- 99. Digestive system
- Definition, function, and structure.
- 100. Oral cavity
- Function of the oral cavity during digestion.
- 101. Pharynx, epiglottis, and esophagus
- Structure and function.
- 102. Stomach
- Function and structure.
- 103. Liver
- Function of the liver in general and in digestive system.
- 104. Pancreas
- Function of the pancreas related to digestion.
- 105. Small intestine
- Structure and function.
- 106. Large intestine
- Structure and function
- 107. Digestion of sugers, proteins, and lipids.
- Summary of the digestive system.
- 108. Vitamine
- Definition and types. Function of each type of vitamine. Diseases related to vitamine dificiencies.
- 109. Urinary system
- Definition, function, and structure of the urinary system.
- 110. Kidney
- Definition, function, and structure of the kidney. How the urine is formed in the kidney.
- 111. Hormonal regulation of the urinary system
- How the urinary system is regulated. The purpose of the regulation.
- 112. Photosynthesis
- Definition, function, and sturcture. Light-dependent reaction and light-independent reaction.
- 113. Evolution
- Definition of evolution. Chemical and biological evolution. Theories behind evolution.
