
- I-1 Introduction to medical microbiology
- Significance, subfields and a brief history of medical microbiology

- I-2 Comparison of pro- and eukaryotic cells
- Difference between them in size, cell wall, cytoplasm, etc.

- I-3 Essential structures of the bacterial cells
- Cell wall, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosome, nucleoid.

- I-4 Structure of the bacterial cell wall
- Molecular structure of cell wall. Gram staining.

- I-5 Accessory cell components of bacterial cells
- Flagella, fimbria, capsule, spores.

- I-6 Classification of bacteria
- The structure of taxonomy of bacteria.

- I-7 Principles of bacterial metabolism
- Oxygen and carbon metabolisms of bacteria.

- I-8 Bacterial genetics 1
- Modification, mutation, reversion.

- I-9 Bacterial genetics 2
- Mechanisms of the transfer of genetic material.

- I-10 Sterilization
- Principles and practice of sterilization.

- I-11 Disinfection
- Principles and practice of disinfection.

- I-12 Basics of antibacterial chemotherapy
- Selective toxicity, chemotherapeutic index, principles of antibacterial chemotherapy.

- I-13 Chemoprophylaxi
- Its importance and examples.

- I-14 Antibiotics in combinations
- Its effect and significance in the treatment.

- I-15 Risks of antibacterial chemotherapy
- Side effects of antibacterial chemotherapy, such as allergy, dysbacteriosis, etc.

- I-16 Antibiotics - peptidoglycan synthesis 1
- Penicillin, cephalosporin.

- I-17 Antibiotics - peptidoglycan synthesis 2
- Monobactam, carbapenem, bacitracin.

- I-18 Antibiotics - protein synthesis 1
- Aminoglycosides, tetracycline.

- I-19 Antibiotics - protein synthesis 2
- Chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides.

- I-20 Antibiotics - nucleic acid synthesis
- Quinolone, rifampin, metronidazole, sulfonamides, trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole.

- I-21 Antibiotics - membrane function, glycopeptide
- Daptomycin, polymyxin, bacitracin, vancomycin.

- I-22 Antituberculotic drugs
- Antibiotics used for tuberculosis infection.

- I-23 Resistance mechanism against antibiotics
- Mechanim of antibiotic resistance and its examples.

- I-24 Basics of bacterial pathogenicity
- Pathogenicity, virulence. obligate, facultative, and opportunistic pathogens.

- I-25 Basics of bacterial infection
- Definition, source, portal of entry, transmission routes, and possible outcome.

- I-26 Basics of bacterial pathomechanism
- Adhesion, penetration, invasion, dissemination; bacteriaemia and toxaemia.

- I-27 Endotoxin
- Characterisation, mode of action.

- I-28 Exotoxin
- Characterisation, types. Bacterial super-antigens and associated syndromes.

- I-29 Non-toxic virulence factors of bacteria
- Capsule, flagella, pili, biofilm, invasin, extracellular enzymes.

- I-30 Role of the host organism in the pathogenesis
- Host related factor influencing susceptibility to infections.

- I-31 Active immunization 1
- Obligatory vaccines.

- I-32 Active immunization 2
- Non-obligatory vaccines.

- I-33 Passive immunization
- Its risks and side-effects. Chemoprophylaxis.

- I-34 Pathomechanism of infection
- Molecular mimicry and masking; antigen-shift; immunosuppression. Immunomodulant and immunosuppressive efffects of microbes (examples).
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- I-35 Nosocomial (iatrogenic) infections
- Nosocomial infections and their most important causative agents

- I-36 Sepsis
- Definition, pathomechanism, microbiological diagnosis

- I-37 Normal microbial flora of human
- Normal floraof oral cavit, skin, vagina, and colon.

- II-1 Staphylococcus aureus
- S. aurreus

- II-2 Coagulase negative staphylococci
- S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, etc.

- II-3 Streptococcus pneumoniae, oral Streptococci, Anaerobic cocci
- S. pneumoniae, viridans Streptococci, cariogenesis, anaerobic cocci

- II-4 Streptococcus pyogenes
- S. pyogenes

- II-5 Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus genus
- S. agalactiae, E. faecalis, E. faecium

- II-6 Anaerobic Gram-negative rods
- Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas streptococci.

- II-7 Neisseria meningitidis, apathogenic Neisseria species
- N. meningitidis, N. sicca, N. subflava, etc.

- II-8 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Moraxella genus
- N. gonorrhoeae, M catarrhalis, M. lacunata

- II-9 Salmonella genus, Salmonellae causing gastroenteritis
- S. enteritidis

- II-10 Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, C
- S. typhi, S. parathyphi

- II-11 Escherichia coli
- E. coli

- II-12 Shigella genus
- S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei, etc.

- II-13 Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Serratia genus
- K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, P. mirabilis, S. marcesnes

- II-14 Yersinia genus
- Y. enterocolicita, Y. pestis

- II-15 Vibrio cholerae
- V. cholerae

- II-16 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas genus
- V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, A. hydrophila, P. shigelloides

- II-17 Campylobacter genus and Helicobacter pylori
- C. jejuni, H. pylori

- II-18 Haemophilus genus
- H. influenzae, H. ducreyi, H. parainfluenzae, H. haemolyticus, etc.

- II-19 Pseudomonas group and Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas genus
- P. aeruginosa, A. baumanii, B. mallei, B. pseudomallei, B. capacia, S. maltophila

- II-20 Bordetella genus
- B. pertussis

- II-21 Legionella pneumophilla
- L. pneumophila

- II-22 Brucella genus
- B. suis, B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. canis

- II-23 Pasteurella multocida, Francisella tularensis, Bartonella species
- P. multocida, F. tularensis, B. henselae, B. quintana

- II-24 Bacillus anthracis and other species of the Bacillus genus
- B. anthracis B. cereus, etc.

- II-25 Gas-gangrene costridia
- C. perfringes, C. onovi, C. cepticum, etc.

- II-26 Clostridium tetani
- C. tetani

- II-27 Clostridium botulinum and C. difficile
- C. botulinum, C. difficile

- II-28 Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genus, Pre- and probiotics
- L. monocytogenes, E. rhusiopathie, Lactobacillus, B. bifidum

- II-29 Treponema genus
- T. pallidum (pallidum, endemicum, pertenue), T. carateum, T. vincentii

- II-30 Borrelia genus
- B. recurrentis, B. burgdorferi, B. afzelli, B. garini

- II-31 Leptospira genus
- L. interrogans

- II-32 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, disphtheroids and the Propionibacterium genus
- C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, C. jeikeium, etc. P. acnes

- II-33 Actinomyces and Nocardia genus, atypical and apathogenic mycobacteria
- A. israelli, A. naseslundi, etc. Nocardia, M. smegmatis, M. marinum, M. kansasii, M. srofulaceum, etc.

- II-34 Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae
- M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. leprae

- II-35 Rickettsia, Orientia, Coxiella
- R. prowazekii, R. typhi, R. rickettsii, R. akari, O. tsutsugamushi, C. burnetii

- II-36 Chlamydia trachomatis
- C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci, Respiratory tract infections caused by Chlamydia

- II-37 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma genus
- M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, U. urealyticum

- III-1 Structure of virus, subviral agents
- Principles of virus structures, viroid, prion.

- III-2 Propagation of viruses
- Molecular bases of the biosynthesis of viruses: productive infection.

- III-3 Latent and persistent viral infections
- Meaning and examples.

- III-4 Congenital viral infections
- Meaning and examples.

- III-5 Malignant transformation
- Viral oncogenesis, oncogenic viruses, examples.

- III-6 Host defence mechanis against viruses
- Natural defence, innate immunity, adaptive immunity.

- III-7 Pathogenicity of viruses
- Pathogenesis of viral diseases.

- III-8 Chemoprophylaxis and treatment of viral diseases
- Meaning and antiviral agents.

- III-9 Obligatory vaccines against viruses
- Obligatory choldhood vaccination schedule in Hungary.

- III-10 Non-obligatory vaccines against viruses
- Non-obligaotory vaccines in Hungary.

- III-11 Adenoviruses

- III-12 Herpesviruses 1
- HSV-1, HSV-2 (herpes simplex virus 1 and 2)

- III-13 Herpesviruses 2
- VZV (varicella zoster virus)

- III-14 Herpesviruses 3
- EBV (epstein-barr virus)

- III-15 Herpesviruses 4
- CMV (cytomegalovirus) or HHV-5 (human herpes virus 5)

- III-16 Herpesviruses 5
- HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8 (human herpes virus 6, 7, 8)

- III-17 Parvoviruses
- Parvovirus B 19.

- III-18 Papilloa and Polyomaviruses
- Human papiloma virus (HPV), BK, JC

- III-19 Poxviruses
- Variola (smallpox) virus, Molluscum contagiosum virus

- III-20 Arena virus
- LCM virus (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus), Lassavirus, Machupovirus

- III-21 Bunyaviruses
- Hantavirus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

- III-22 Coronavirus and Filoviruses
- Coronaviruses, COVID-19, Ebola virus Marburg virus

- III-23 Flavivirus 1
- Yellow fever, Dengue

- III-24 Flavivirus 2
- Tick-born ecephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Zikavirus

- III-25 Rotavirus, Calicivirus, Astrovirus

- III-26 Orthomyxoviruses
- Influenza virus A, B and C

- III-27 Paramyxoviruses 1
- Mumpsvirus, Morbillivirus

- III-28 Paramyxoviruses 2
- RSV, Parainfluenzavirus

- III-29 Picornavirus 1
- Poliovirus

- III-30 Picornavirus 2
- Rhinovirus, Coxackievirus, echoviruses, enteroviruses

- III-31 Rhabdoviruses
- Lyssavirus, rabies

- III-32 Retroviruses and AIDS
- HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

- III-33 Togaviruses
- Alphavirus, Rubi virus

- III-34 Hepatitis viruses 1
- Hepatitis virus A, E

- III-35 Hepatitis viruses 2
- Hepatitis virus B, C, D, G

- III-36 Conventional and non-conventional slow virus infection

- III-37 Serological reactions in the diagnosis of viral diseases
- Hemagglutination, hemagglutinin inhibition, virus neutralization, etc.

- IV-1 Basics of fungi
- Structure, metabolism, lifecycle, and classification of medically important fungi.

- IV-2 Mycoses
- Classification, pathomechanism, and risk factors of mycoses.

- IV-3 Diagnosis of fungal infection
- Cultivation of fungi, microbiological diagnosis of fungal infections.

- IV-4 Treatment of fungal infections

- IV-5 Dermatophytoses
- Mycoses of the skin and its adnexes. Tinea.

- IV-6 Superficial and sub-cutaneous mycoses
- Malassezia furfur, pityriasis versicolor, Sporothrix schenckii, Eumyotic mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis.

- IV-7 Coccidioides immitis. Histoplasma capsuatum
- Coccidioidomycosis/Valley fever, histoplasmosis.

- IV-8 Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
- Blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis (Brazilian blastomycosis).
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- IV-9 Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii)
- Cryptococcosis
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- IV-10 Zygomycoses (phycomycoses), Aspergillus species and Penicillium genus
- Mucormycosis, ABPA (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis), aspergilloma, invasive aspergillosis, penicilliosis.

- IV-11 Candida genus
- Candidiasis.

- IV-12 Basics of protozoa
- General characterization and taxonomy of protozoa.

- IV-13 Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli
- Amebiasis.

- IV-14 Acanthamoeba and Naegleria genus
- A. castellani, A. keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), amoebic keratitis, dissemination, N. fowleri, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).

- IV-15 Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli
- Giardiasis, balantidiasis.

- IV-16 Cryptosporidium species and Blastocystis hominis
- Cryptosporidiosis.

- IV-17 Trichomonas vaginalis
- Trichomoniasis.

- IV-18 Plasmodia
- P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. falciparum, malaria.

- IV-19 Trypanosoma brucei
- Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)

- IV-20 Trypanosoma cruzi
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)

- IV-21 Leishmaniae
- L. donovani, L. tropica, L. brasiliensis, visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

- IV-22 Toxoplasma gondii
- Toxoplasmosis.

- IV-23 Basics of helminths
- General characterization and taxonomy of helminths.

- IV-24 Taenia saginata
- Taeniasis.

- IV-25 Taenia solium
- Cysticercosis, taeniasis.

- IV-26 diphyllobothrium latum and Hymenolepis nana
- Diphyllobotriasis.

- IV-27 Echinococcus species
- E. granulosus, echinococcosis (hydatid disease), E. multilocularis, alveolar enchinococcosis.

- IV-28 Fasciola hepatica
- Fascioliasis.

- IV-29 Paragonimus westermani
- Paragonimiasis.

- IV-30 Schistosomes
- S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. hematobium, schistosomiasis.

- IV-31 Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

- IV-32 Toxocara canis, T. cati
- Toxocariasis, visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM).

- IV-33 Trichinella spiralis
- Trichinellosis/trichinosis.

- IV-34 Enterobius vermicularis
- Enterobiasis.

- IV-35 Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria
- Ascariasis, trichuriasis.

- IV-36 Strongyloides stercoralis, Dirofilaria repens
- Strongyloidiasis.

- IV-37 Worms causing filariasis
- Dracunculus medinesis, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Loa loa.

- V-1 Bacteria - skin and wound
- Bacteria causing skin and wound infection (list) and their diagnosis.

- V-2 Bacteria - abdomen
- Bacteria causing abdominal infections - peritonitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis and their diagnositics.

- V-3 Bacteria and viruses - eye
- Bacteria and viruses causing ophthalmic infections (list) and their diagnosis.

- V-4 Bacteria - air-borne upper respiratory tract
- Bacteria causing air-borne upper respiratory tract infections (list) and their diagnosis.

- V-5 Bacteria - oral cavity
- Normal flora of the oral cavity. Microbes causing infections of the oral cavity (list).

- V-6 Bacteria - GI tract
- Normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract and its significance

- V-7 Bacteria - faeco-oral infection
- Pathogens of the enterally (faecoal-oral route) spreading bacterial infections (list) and their diagnosis.

- V-8 Urinary tract
- The most important microbial pathogens of the urinary tract (list).

- V-9 Bacteria - arthropode borne
- Causative agents of arthropode borne bacterial infections (list).

- V-10 Bacteria - food poisoning and toxico-infection
- Bacterial pathogens of food poisoning and toxico-infections (list).

- V-11 Zoonotic infections
- Zoonotic infections (list) and their prevention.

- V-12 Bacteria - meningitis, encephalitis
- The most important bacteria causing meningitis, and encephalitis (list), their diagnosis, and principles of treatment.

- V-13 Bacteria - lower respiratory tract
- Bacteria causing lower respiratory tract infections (list) and their diagnosis.

- V-14 Bacterial exotoxins
- Bacterial exotoxins and the related diseases. Prevention and therapy.

- V-15 Bacteriaemia, endocarditis, and sepsis
- Microbiological diagnosis of bacteriaemia, endocarditis, and sepsis.

- V-16 Anaerobic bacteria
- Description and diagnosis of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria.

- V-17 Parasites - abdomen
- Enterally acquired parasitic infections (list) and their diagnosis.

- V-18 Parasites - arthropode-borne
- Causative agents of arthropode borne parasitic infections (list) and their diagnosis.

- V-19 Virus - air-borne
- Pathogens of air-borne viral infections (list).

- V-20 Virus - abdomen
- Pathogens of the enterally acquired viral infections (list).

- V-21 Virus - arthropode-borne
- Pathogens of arthropode borne viral infections (list).

- V-22 Virus and fungi - meningitis and encephalitis
- Pathogens of viral and fungal meningitis and encephalitis (list).

- V-23 Fungi and parasites - lung
- Pathogens of fungal and parasitic lung infections (list).

- V-24 Pre- and paranatal infections
- Microbes causing pre- and perinatal infections (list) in the fetus/new-born baby.

- V-25 Childhood exanthemas
- Childhood infections characterized by exanthemas (rashes).

- V-26 Genital tract
- Normal flora of the gental tract. Pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases (list)

- V-27 HIV and AIDS
- Screening and varification of HIV infections. Microbes causing opportunistic infections related to AIDS?(list).

- V-28 Hepatitis
- Pathogens of hepatitis and their transmission, as well as microbiological diagnosis.

- V-29 Laboratory procedures
- Infectious specimens: basic rules of sample collection, transport, and laboratory procedures.

- V-30 Measurement of virulence, attenuation, bioterrorism, biological weapons
- Measurement and alteration of virulence. Significance of attenuation. Bioterrorism and biological weapons.

- V-31 Laboratory animals
- The use of laboratory animals in the medical microbiology.

- V-32 Serotyping and phage-typing

- V-33 Molecular examination methods
- PCR, qPCR, Southern blot, ELISA.

- V-34 Atypical pneumonia
- Causative agents causing atypical pneumonia and their diagnosis.

- V-35 Diarrhoea
- Causative agents of diarrhoea and diagnosis

- V-36 Serological tests
- Principles of the evaluation of serological tests. Pair of sera test. Meaning of titre.

- V-37 Protozoa and helminths - eye
- Protozoa and helminths causing ophtalmic (eye) infections (list) and their diagnosis.