Microbiology

TOPIC LIST

I-1 Introduction to medical microbiology
Significance, subfields and a brief history of medical microbiology
I-2 Comparison of pro- and eukaryotic cells
Difference between them in size, cell wall, cytoplasm, etc.
I-3 Essential structures of the bacterial cells
Cell wall, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosome, nucleoid.
I-4 Structure of the bacterial cell wall
Molecular structure of cell wall. Gram staining.
I-5 Accessory cell components of bacterial cells
Flagella, fimbria, capsule, spores.
I-6 Classification of bacteria
The structure of taxonomy of bacteria.
I-7 Principles of bacterial metabolism
Oxygen and carbon metabolisms of bacteria.
I-8 Bacterial genetics 1
Modification, mutation, reversion.
I-9 Bacterial genetics 2
Mechanisms of the transfer of genetic material.
I-10 Sterilization
Principles and practice of sterilization.
I-11 Disinfection
Principles and practice of disinfection.
I-12 Basics of antibacterial chemotherapy
Selective toxicity, chemotherapeutic index, principles of antibacterial chemotherapy.
I-13 Chemoprophylaxi
Its importance and examples.
I-14 Antibiotics in combinations
Its effect and significance in the treatment.
I-15 Risks of antibacterial chemotherapy
Side effects of antibacterial chemotherapy, such as allergy, dysbacteriosis, etc.
I-16 Antibiotics - peptidoglycan synthesis 1
Penicillin, cephalosporin.
I-17 Antibiotics - peptidoglycan synthesis 2
Monobactam, carbapenem, bacitracin.
I-18 Antibiotics - protein synthesis 1
Aminoglycosides, tetracycline.
I-19 Antibiotics - protein synthesis 2
Chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides.
I-20 Antibiotics - nucleic acid synthesis
Quinolone, rifampin, metronidazole, sulfonamides, trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole.
I-21 Antibiotics - membrane function, glycopeptide
Daptomycin, polymyxin, bacitracin, vancomycin.
I-22 Antituberculotic drugs
Antibiotics used for tuberculosis infection.
I-23 Resistance mechanism against antibiotics
Mechanim of antibiotic resistance and its examples.
I-24 Basics of bacterial pathogenicity
Pathogenicity, virulence. obligate, facultative, and opportunistic pathogens.
I-25 Basics of bacterial infection
Definition, source, portal of entry, transmission routes, and possible outcome.
I-26 Basics of bacterial pathomechanism
Adhesion, penetration, invasion, dissemination; bacteriaemia and toxaemia.
I-27 Endotoxin
Characterisation, mode of action.
I-28 Exotoxin
Characterisation, types. Bacterial super-antigens and associated syndromes.
I-29 Non-toxic virulence factors of bacteria
Capsule, flagella, pili, biofilm, invasin, extracellular enzymes.
I-30 Role of the host organism in the pathogenesis
Host related factor influencing susceptibility to infections.
I-31 Active immunization 1
Obligatory vaccines.
I-32 Active immunization 2
Non-obligatory vaccines.
I-33 Passive immunization
Its risks and side-effects. Chemoprophylaxis.
I-34 Pathomechanism of infection
Molecular mimicry and masking; antigen-shift; immunosuppression. Immunomodulant and immunosuppressive efffects of microbes (examples).
I-35 Nosocomial (iatrogenic) infections
Nosocomial infections and their most important causative agents
I-36 Sepsis
Definition, pathomechanism, microbiological diagnosis
I-37 Normal microbial flora of human
Normal floraof oral cavit, skin, vagina, and colon.
II-1 Staphylococcus aureus
S. aurreus
II-2 Coagulase negative staphylococci
S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, etc.
II-3 Streptococcus pneumoniae, oral Streptococci, Anaerobic cocci
S. pneumoniae, viridans Streptococci, cariogenesis, anaerobic cocci
II-4 Streptococcus pyogenes
S. pyogenes
II-5 Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus genus
S. agalactiae, E. faecalis, E. faecium
II-6 Anaerobic Gram-negative rods
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas streptococci.
II-7 Neisseria meningitidis, apathogenic Neisseria species
N. meningitidis, N. sicca, N. subflava, etc.
II-8 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Moraxella genus
N. gonorrhoeae, M catarrhalis, M. lacunata
II-9 Salmonella genus, Salmonellae causing gastroenteritis
S. enteritidis
II-10 Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, C
S. typhi, S. parathyphi
II-11 Escherichia coli
E. coli
II-12 Shigella genus
S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei, etc.
II-13 Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Serratia genus
K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, P. mirabilis, S. marcesnes
II-14 Yersinia genus
Y. enterocolicita, Y. pestis
II-15 Vibrio cholerae
V. cholerae
II-16 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas genus
V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, A. hydrophila, P. shigelloides
II-17 Campylobacter genus and Helicobacter pylori
C. jejuni, H. pylori
II-18 Haemophilus genus
H. influenzae, H. ducreyi, H. parainfluenzae, H. haemolyticus, etc.
II-19 Pseudomonas group and Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas genus
P. aeruginosa, A. baumanii, B. mallei, B. pseudomallei, B. capacia, S. maltophila
II-20 Bordetella genus
B. pertussis
II-21 Legionella pneumophilla
L. pneumophila
II-22 Brucella genus
B. suis, B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. canis
II-23 Pasteurella multocida, Francisella tularensis, Bartonella species
P. multocida, F. tularensis, B. henselae, B. quintana
II-24 Bacillus anthracis and other species of the Bacillus genus
B. anthracis B. cereus, etc.
II-25 Gas-gangrene costridia
C. perfringes, C. onovi, C. cepticum, etc.
II-26 Clostridium tetani
C. tetani
II-27 Clostridium botulinum and C. difficile
C. botulinum, C. difficile
II-28 Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genus, Pre- and probiotics
L. monocytogenes, E. rhusiopathie, Lactobacillus, B. bifidum
II-29 Treponema genus
T. pallidum (pallidum, endemicum, pertenue), T. carateum, T. vincentii
II-30 Borrelia genus
B. recurrentis, B. burgdorferi, B. afzelli, B. garini
II-31 Leptospira genus
L. interrogans
II-32 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, disphtheroids and the Propionibacterium genus
C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, C. jeikeium, etc. P. acnes
II-33 Actinomyces and Nocardia genus, atypical and apathogenic mycobacteria
A. israelli, A. naseslundi, etc. Nocardia, M. smegmatis, M. marinum, M. kansasii, M. srofulaceum, etc.
II-34 Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae
M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. leprae
II-35 Rickettsia, Orientia, Coxiella
R. prowazekii, R. typhi, R. rickettsii, R. akari, O. tsutsugamushi, C. burnetii
II-36 Chlamydia trachomatis
C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci, Respiratory tract infections caused by Chlamydia
II-37 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma genus
M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, U. urealyticum
III-1 Structure of virus, subviral agents
Principles of virus structures, viroid, prion.
III-2 Propagation of viruses
Molecular bases of the biosynthesis of viruses: productive infection.
III-3 Latent and persistent viral infections
Meaning and examples.
III-4 Congenital viral infections
Meaning and examples.
III-5 Malignant transformation
Viral oncogenesis, oncogenic viruses, examples.
III-6 Host defence mechanis against viruses
Natural defence, innate immunity, adaptive immunity.
III-7 Pathogenicity of viruses
Pathogenesis of viral diseases.
III-8 Chemoprophylaxis and treatment of viral diseases
Meaning and antiviral agents.
III-9 Obligatory vaccines against viruses
Obligatory choldhood vaccination schedule in Hungary.
III-10 Non-obligatory vaccines against viruses
Non-obligaotory vaccines in Hungary.
III-11 Adenoviruses
III-12 Herpesviruses 1
HSV-1, HSV-2 (herpes simplex virus 1 and 2)
III-13 Herpesviruses 2
VZV (varicella zoster virus)
III-14 Herpesviruses 3
EBV (epstein-barr virus)
III-15 Herpesviruses 4
CMV (cytomegalovirus) or HHV-5 (human herpes virus 5)
III-16 Herpesviruses 5
HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8 (human herpes virus 6, 7, 8)
III-17 Parvoviruses
Parvovirus B 19.
III-18 Papilloa and Polyomaviruses
Human papiloma virus (HPV), BK, JC
III-19 Poxviruses
Variola (smallpox) virus, Molluscum contagiosum virus
III-20 Arena virus
LCM virus (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus), Lassavirus, Machupovirus
III-21 Bunyaviruses
Hantavirus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
III-22 Coronavirus and Filoviruses
Coronaviruses, COVID-19, Ebola virus Marburg virus
III-23 Flavivirus 1
Yellow fever, Dengue
III-24 Flavivirus 2
Tick-born ecephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Zikavirus
III-25 Rotavirus, Calicivirus, Astrovirus
III-26 Orthomyxoviruses
Influenza virus A, B and C
III-27 Paramyxoviruses 1
Mumpsvirus, Morbillivirus
III-28 Paramyxoviruses 2
RSV, Parainfluenzavirus
III-29 Picornavirus 1
Poliovirus
III-30 Picornavirus 2
Rhinovirus, Coxackievirus, echoviruses, enteroviruses
III-31 Rhabdoviruses
Lyssavirus, rabies
III-32 Retroviruses and AIDS
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
III-33 Togaviruses
Alphavirus, Rubi virus
III-34 Hepatitis viruses 1
Hepatitis virus A, E
III-35 Hepatitis viruses 2
Hepatitis virus B, C, D, G
III-36 Conventional and non-conventional slow virus infection
III-37 Serological reactions in the diagnosis of viral diseases
Hemagglutination, hemagglutinin inhibition, virus neutralization, etc.
IV-1 Basics of fungi
Structure, metabolism, lifecycle, and classification of medically important fungi.
IV-2 Mycoses
Classification, pathomechanism, and risk factors of mycoses.
IV-3 Diagnosis of fungal infection
Cultivation of fungi, microbiological diagnosis of fungal infections.
IV-4 Treatment of fungal infections
IV-5 Dermatophytoses
Mycoses of the skin and its adnexes. Tinea.
IV-6 Superficial and sub-cutaneous mycoses
Malassezia furfur, pityriasis versicolor, Sporothrix schenckii, Eumyotic mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis.
IV-7 Coccidioides immitis. Histoplasma capsuatum
Coccidioidomycosis/Valley fever, histoplasmosis.
IV-8 Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis (Brazilian blastomycosis).
IV-9 Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii)
Cryptococcosis
IV-10 Zygomycoses (phycomycoses), Aspergillus species and Penicillium genus
Mucormycosis, ABPA (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis), aspergilloma, invasive aspergillosis, penicilliosis.
IV-11 Candida genus
Candidiasis.
IV-12 Basics of protozoa
General characterization and taxonomy of protozoa.
IV-13 Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli
Amebiasis.
IV-14 Acanthamoeba and Naegleria genus
A. castellani, A. keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), amoebic keratitis, dissemination, N. fowleri, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
IV-15 Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli
Giardiasis, balantidiasis.
IV-16 Cryptosporidium species and Blastocystis hominis
Cryptosporidiosis.
IV-17 Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis.
IV-18 Plasmodia
P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. falciparum, malaria.
IV-19 Trypanosoma brucei
Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)
IV-20 Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
IV-21 Leishmaniae
L. donovani, L. tropica, L. brasiliensis, visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
IV-22 Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis.
IV-23 Basics of helminths
General characterization and taxonomy of helminths.
IV-24 Taenia saginata
Taeniasis.
IV-25 Taenia solium
Cysticercosis, taeniasis.
IV-26 diphyllobothrium latum and Hymenolepis nana
Diphyllobotriasis.
IV-27 Echinococcus species
E. granulosus, echinococcosis (hydatid disease), E. multilocularis, alveolar enchinococcosis.
IV-28 Fasciola hepatica
Fascioliasis.
IV-29 Paragonimus westermani
Paragonimiasis.
IV-30 Schistosomes
S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. hematobium, schistosomiasis.
IV-31 Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
IV-32 Toxocara canis, T. cati
Toxocariasis, visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM).
IV-33 Trichinella spiralis
Trichinellosis/trichinosis.
IV-34 Enterobius vermicularis
Enterobiasis.
IV-35 Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria
Ascariasis, trichuriasis.
IV-36 Strongyloides stercoralis, Dirofilaria repens
Strongyloidiasis.
IV-37 Worms causing filariasis
Dracunculus medinesis, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Loa loa.
V-1 Bacteria - skin and wound
Bacteria causing skin and wound infection (list) and their diagnosis.
V-2 Bacteria - abdomen
Bacteria causing abdominal infections - peritonitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis and their diagnositics.
V-3 Bacteria and viruses - eye
Bacteria and viruses causing ophthalmic infections (list) and their diagnosis.
V-4 Bacteria - air-borne upper respiratory tract
Bacteria causing air-borne upper respiratory tract infections (list) and their diagnosis.
V-5 Bacteria - oral cavity
Normal flora of the oral cavity. Microbes causing infections of the oral cavity (list).
V-6 Bacteria - GI tract
Normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract and its significance
V-7 Bacteria - faeco-oral infection
Pathogens of the enterally (faecoal-oral route) spreading bacterial infections (list) and their diagnosis.
V-8 Urinary tract
The most important microbial pathogens of the urinary tract (list).
V-9 Bacteria - arthropode borne
Causative agents of arthropode borne bacterial infections (list).
V-10 Bacteria - food poisoning and toxico-infection
Bacterial pathogens of food poisoning and toxico-infections (list).
V-11 Zoonotic infections
Zoonotic infections (list) and their prevention.
V-12 Bacteria - meningitis, encephalitis
The most important bacteria causing meningitis, and encephalitis (list), their diagnosis, and principles of treatment.
V-13 Bacteria - lower respiratory tract
Bacteria causing lower respiratory tract infections (list) and their diagnosis.
V-14 Bacterial exotoxins
Bacterial exotoxins and the related diseases. Prevention and therapy.
V-15 Bacteriaemia, endocarditis, and sepsis
Microbiological diagnosis of bacteriaemia, endocarditis, and sepsis.
V-16 Anaerobic bacteria
Description and diagnosis of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria.
V-17 Parasites - abdomen
Enterally acquired parasitic infections (list) and their diagnosis.
V-18 Parasites - arthropode-borne
Causative agents of arthropode borne parasitic infections (list) and their diagnosis.
V-19 Virus - air-borne
Pathogens of air-borne viral infections (list).
V-20 Virus - abdomen
Pathogens of the enterally acquired viral infections (list).
V-21 Virus - arthropode-borne
Pathogens of arthropode borne viral infections (list).
V-22 Virus and fungi - meningitis and encephalitis
Pathogens of viral and fungal meningitis and encephalitis (list).
V-23 Fungi and parasites - lung
Pathogens of fungal and parasitic lung infections (list).
V-24 Pre- and paranatal infections
Microbes causing pre- and perinatal infections (list) in the fetus/new-born baby.
V-25 Childhood exanthemas
Childhood infections characterized by exanthemas (rashes).
V-26 Genital tract
Normal flora of the gental tract. Pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases (list)
V-27 HIV and AIDS
Screening and varification of HIV infections. Microbes causing opportunistic infections related to AIDS?(list).
V-28 Hepatitis
Pathogens of hepatitis and their transmission, as well as microbiological diagnosis.
V-29 Laboratory procedures
Infectious specimens: basic rules of sample collection, transport, and laboratory procedures.
V-30 Measurement of virulence, attenuation, bioterrorism, biological weapons
Measurement and alteration of virulence. Significance of attenuation. Bioterrorism and biological weapons.
V-31 Laboratory animals
The use of laboratory animals in the medical microbiology.
V-32 Serotyping and phage-typing
V-33 Molecular examination methods
PCR, qPCR, Southern blot, ELISA.
V-34 Atypical pneumonia
Causative agents causing atypical pneumonia and their diagnosis.
V-35 Diarrhoea
Causative agents of diarrhoea and diagnosis
V-36 Serological tests
Principles of the evaluation of serological tests. Pair of sera test. Meaning of titre.
V-37 Protozoa and helminths - eye
Protozoa and helminths causing ophtalmic (eye) infections (list) and their diagnosis.